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Kinship

Kinship is the system of relationships between people who are related by blood, marriage, or adoption. It helps describe how families are organized and connected in societies.

Reformation

The Reformation was a period of religious change in Europe during the sixteenth century. It led to the creation of new Christian churches separate from the Roman Catholic Church.

Yeoman

A yeoman was an independent farmer in medieval and early modern England. Yeomen owned or leased land and stood between nobles and laborers in society.

House of Tudor

The House of Tudor was a royal family that ruled England from 1485 to 1603. Tudor monarchs oversaw major changes in religion, government, and royal power.

James VI and I

James VI and I was king of Scotland, England, and Ireland in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. He united the crowns of Scotland and England under one ruler.

Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 1558 to 1603. Her long reign followed years of religious and political change in England.

Mary I

Mary I of England was queen from 1553 to 1558. She was the first woman to rule England in her own right.

Martin Luther

Martin Luther was a German monk, teacher, and writer who lived from 1483 to 1546. His actions and writings helped begin the Protestant Reformation in Europe.

Edward VI

Edward VI was King of England and Ireland from 1547 to 1553. He became king as a child, and the country was ruled by advisers during his reign.

Supernova

A supernova is a very large explosion that happens when a star reaches the end of its life. The explosion releases light and energy and spreads material into space.

Hubble Space Telescope

The Hubble Space Telescope is a large telescope that orbits Earth and observes objects in space. It was launched in 1990 and is operated by NASA with international partners.

Charcoal

Charcoal is a black, carbon-rich material made by heating wood with little air. It has been used for fuel, metal work, and drawing for many centuries.